The Arden Reference GrammarThe Arden Reference Grammar| Arden Reference Grammar > Particles > Nouns | Previous | Next |
| Masculine | Feminine | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | Front | Back | ||
| 1st | cin | cun | cer | cor | |
| 2nd | in | un | er | or | |
| 3rd | Masc. | ten, te | ton, to | tan | |
| Fem. | lei | loi | lai, lain | lau, laun | |
| Neut. | vi | vu | vai | vau | |
These clitics are used with nouns for cross-referencing of genitive complements and with verbs for subject agreement. In both cases, the clitic is mandatory, while the referenced noun phrase may be deleted.
If the cross-referenced noun phrase is determinate, the clitic has to agree in grammatical gender with it; otherwise, the neuter third person clitic is used instead.
The masculine third person singular clitic te/to and the feminine third person plural clitic lain/laun are typical of the Eastern dialect, but they appear rarely in the Western dialect, where the alternate forms ten/ton and lai/lau are preferred.
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Copyright © 1998-2001 Jean-François Smith & Tommaso Donnarumma